NR 507 Week 2 Discussion; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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ALS is reported more often among white individuals compared to other racial and ethnic groups, though this may partially reflect differences in case ascertainment and access to specialty care (CDC, 2024) d. Find and summarize a scholarly article that discusses your selected condition. What does the article say about your condition and its pathophysiology and manifestations? How is the article relevant to your understanding of the condition? a. In Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An Umbrella Review (Wu et al., 2025), the findings reinforce ALS as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease resulting from interactions between environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, and biological mechanisms. The most consistently supported environmental risk factors include pesticide exposure, smoking, occupational exposures, and military service. These exposures are biologically plausible contributors to ALS pathophysiology, as they are associated with increased oxidative damage, chronic inflammation, and neurotoxic effects on motor neurons. Over time, these insults disrupt neuromuscular signaling and promote progressive neuronal degeneration (Wu et al., 2025). ALS is characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. The review aligns environmental risk factors with established pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired axonal transport, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation. Environmental exposures such as pesticides, heavy metals, and tobacco smoke are believed to amplify these mechanisms, accelerating motor neuron injury and apoptosis (Wu et al., 2025). The progressive loss of motor neurons results in the hallmark clinical manifestations of ALS. Early symptoms often include asymmetric limb weakness, muscle cramps, and fasciculations, indicating lower motor neuron involvement. As the disease progresses, patients develop spasticity, hyperreflexia, and loss of voluntary motor control due to upper motor neuron degeneration. Bulbar involvement leads to dysarthria and dysphagia, while respiratory muscle weakness Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/als Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis — United States, National ALS Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/als Wu Q, Yang J, Duan Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Tan S, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhang J and Liu, X. (2025). Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an umbrella review. Frontier Aging Neuroscience. 17:1541779. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1541779
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