NR 507 Week 6 Assignment; Alterations in the Endocrine System
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Class Description Properties Examples Steroid Lipids derived from Lipophilic – can cross membrane Testosterone cholesterol Undergoes cons琀椀tu琀椀ve Estrogen / Progesterone secretion Peptide Short polypep琀椀de chains Hydrophilic – cannot cross Insulin membrane Glucagon Undergoes regulatory secre琀椀on Amine Derived from aroma琀椀c amino Hydrophilic – cannot cross Thyroxine acid membrane Undergoes regulatory secre琀椀on Note that pep琀椀de and amine hormones are hydrophilic (water-soluble). This means that they are easily dissolved in 昀氀uid and do not have to bind to a protein in order to circulate. Characteris琀椀cally, they also have a short half-life of just seconds to minutes as they are catabolized by circula琀椀ng enzymes. Insulin, for example is a pep琀椀de hormone. Shortly a昀琀er its release, it is catabolized by insulinase enzymes within 3-5 minutes. Lipid-soluble hormones, in contrast, are transported bound to a protein. Because they are bound, they can remain in the blood for hours to days. It is very important to note here that when a hormone is bound to a protein, it cannot exert its e昀昀ects. Only free circula琀椀ng hormones can ini琀椀ate responses inside of a target cell. This will be revisited as we delve into the diseases of the endocrine system. Upon arrival to the cell membrane, the protein-bound hormone must disengage from the protein in order to di昀昀use into the cell where its e昀昀ects can be exerted. Hormone Regula琀椀on Two important concepts to understand before reviewing endocrine system disorders is how hormone release is regulated and once arriving to the target cell, how it enters the cell to exert its e昀昀ect. Let’s begin with hormone regula琀椀on. Hormone regula琀椀on: 1. Hormone release is regulated by chemical factors (e.g. blood glucose), endocrine factors (e.g. a hormone from one gland controls another gland) and neural control. 2. Hormone release is regulated by feedback systems. These are responsible for monitoring and controlling the cellular environment. You are likely familiar with the nega琀椀ve and posi琀椀ve feedback system. The nega琀椀ve feedback system will ac琀椀vate when there is a change in endocrine, chemical or neural response. It will decrease the synthesis and secre琀椀on of a hormone. In contrast, posi琀椀ve feedback systems result when the endocrine, chemical or neural response increases the synthesis and secre琀椀on of a hormone. This is illustrated in the diagram below.
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