NR 224 Week 4 Supplemental Assignment; Nutrition and Bowel Elimination

NR224 - Week 4 Comprehensive Study Guide Core Topics and Concepts Nutrition 945349144834 Nutritional Needs Across the Lifespan: Infants and children: Higher protein, calorie, and vitamin D needs. Adolescents: Increased caloric needs for growth; focus on iron and calcium. Adults: Balanced nutrition with focus on maintaining health. Elderly: Increased need for calcium, vitamin D, and fiber; reduced caloric requirements due to slower metabolism. Factors Influencing Nutrition: Cultural, religious, and socioeconomic factors. Health conditions (e.g., dysphagia, diabetes). Therapeutic Diets: Clear liquid: For GI rest (e.g., broth, gelatin, apple juice). Full liquid: Includes clear liquids plus dairy and pureed foods. Low-sodium, low-fat, diabetic diets: Adjust for specific conditions like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. Aspiration Precautions: Upright positioning during and after meals (30–45 degrees). Thickened liquids for patients with dysphagia. Assess gag reflex before feeding post-procedure. Enteral Feeding 914400140251 Types of Tubes: NG Tube: Nasogastric tube for short-term feeding. PEG Tube: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for long-term use. Pre-Feeding Steps: Verify tube placement (X-ray or pH testing). Assess residual gastric volume to prevent overfeeding or aspiration. During Feeding: Use gravity or pump to administer formula. Monitor patients for nausea, vomiting, and distention. Post-Feeding: Flush the tube with water to prevent clogging. Maintain upright positioning for 30–60 minutes. Complications: Aspiration: Most serious; assess lung sounds and signs of distress. Diarrhea: May indicate intolerance or rapid feeding. Constipation: Monitor bowel movements; provide adequate fluids. Bowel Elimination 945349131498 Common Issues: Constipation: Caused by immobility, medications, or dehydration. Diarrhea: May result from infections or tube feeding intolerance. Fecal Incontinence: Linked to neurological or muscular disorders. Diagnostic Tests: Guaiac Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT): Detects hidden blood in stool; requires dietary prep. Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): Detects hidden blood without dietary restrictions. Interventions: Enemas: Saline or fleet enemas for constipation. Bowel Training: Scheduled toileting to establish routine. Medication Management: Laxatives, stool softeners as prescribed. Urinary Elimination 976312136335 Urinary elimination is a vital topic covered in Week 4 Edapt. It includes normal urinary processes, common alterations, and nursing interventions. Normal Urination Process: The kidneys filter blood to produce urine. Urine passes through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding. The urge to void is typically felt when the bladder contains 200–450 mL of urine. Characteristics of Normal Urine: Color: Pale yellow to amber. Clarity: Clear without sediment. Odor: Slight ammonia smell; stronger odors may indicate infection. Common Alterations: Urinary Retention: Definition: Inability to empty the bladder completely. Causes: Obstruction, nerve damage, medications, or surgery. Nursing Interventions: Monitor bladder distention using palpation or bladder scanner. Encourage timed voiding or double voiding techniques. Catheterization as a last resort (straight or indwelling catheter). Urinary Incontinence: Types: Stress Incontinence: Leakage due to pressure (e.g., sneezing, coughing). Urge Incontinence: Sudden, strong urge to void. Functional Incontinence: Caused by barriers to accessing a toilet (e.g., mobility issues). Nursing Interventions: Bladder training and pelvic floor exercises (e.g., Kegels). Scheduled toileting and use of absorbent products. UTIs (Urinary Tract Infections): Signs/Symptoms: Dysuria, urgency, frequency, cloudy urine, and foul odor. Fever or flank pain