BIOS 251 Week 3 Exam 1 Study Outline

BIOS 251 Exam 1 Study Outline (highlights were on EXAM 1) Week 1 C100 – Basic Terminology Anatomy: The study of body structure Physiology : The study of body parts and how they interact with one another Structure and function compliment one another Example: Red Blood cells C101 -Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position - reference point for all directions and regions of the human body. Subject faces the observer while standing erect, with arms at both sides of the body, palms of the hands facing forward, and feet flat on the floor. Anatomical Regions: Axial- represents core of body, includes all structures except the upper and lower appendages (arms and legs) Cephalic (head) Cervical (neck) Thoracic (chest) Abdominal (belly) Pelvic (hip) Pubic (groin) Appendicular – includes upper and lower appendages Axillary (armpit) Brachial (upper arm) Antecubital (front of the elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital or phalangeal (fingers) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (anterior surface of the knee) Crural (leg) Pedal (foot) Directional Terms Ventral - Toward the front* or belly Dorsal - Toward the back or spine Anterior - Toward the ventral side Posterior -Toward the dorsal side Cephalic -Toward the head or superior end Rostral - Toward the forehead or nose Caudal - Toward the tail or inferior end Superior - Above Infererior - Below Medial - Toward the median plane Lateral - Away from the median plane Proximal - Closer to the point of attachment or origin Distal - Farther from the point of attachment or origin Ipsilateral - On the same side of the body (right or left) Contralateral - On opposite sides of the body (right and left) Superficial - Closer to the body surface Deep - Farther from the body surface C102 – Body Cavities Body cavities act as compartments within the human body and have two basic functions: To protect vital internal organs from accidental shock To allow for any possible change in shape and size of organs, while still maintaining the organ system’s integrity The human body contains four main body cavities: Cranial (contains the brain) Vertebral (contains the spinal cord) Thoracic (contains the heart and the lungs) Abdominopelvic (contains all abdominal and pelvic organs) The Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm Body cavities are subdivided further based on the organs they house. Subdivisions of the Thoracic cavity Two Pleural cavities, each of which surrounds a lung Each lung sits on either side of the mediastinum, which is an area in the middle of the thorax that contains the heart, portions of the trachea, the esophagus, and several important vessels. Pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Superior region of the cavity Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Inferior region of the cavity 914400118526 All body cavities are lined by serous membranes, with are a two layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum-like fluid. These membranes also cover