NR 548 Week 3 Replacement Assignment for Exam 1

Ques琀椀on 3: (10 points) What role does Arachidonic Acid play in the in昀氀amma琀椀on response? Describe how it is synthesized. How do NSAIDs and Aspirin play into this pathway? ANSWER: Arachidonic acid is a mediator of signal transduc琀椀on through the protein kinase C pathway. It helps to create in昀氀amma琀椀on crucial to the healing process of a wound. Cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase leads to forma琀椀on of pro-in昀氀ammatory proteinoids and leukotrienes. It’s a polyunsaturated fa琀琀y acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds, synthesized from linoleic acid with the addi琀椀on of two carbons to the chain and further desatura琀椀on. NSAIDs and Aspirin inhibit cyclooxygenase, an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into in昀氀ammatory mediators, therefore reducing the forma琀椀on of aqueous humor proteins, prostaglandin, reducing fever and pain of in昀氀amma琀椀on, and inhibit clo琀��ng. Ques琀椀on 4: (10 Points) Jewel has been su昀昀ering from gastroenteri琀椀s with several days of severe vomi琀椀ng. She now presents to the emergency department with confusion, hypotension, and a decreased respiratory rate. What Metabolic manifesta琀椀on do you suspect? Describe the lab values you would expect to see for this diagnosis? Consider pH, PCO2, HCO3, Respiratory rate. ANSWER: The decrease in respiratory rate can cause respiratory acidosis. The dehydra琀椀on from severe vomi琀椀ng causes hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Since Jewel has a decreased respiratory rate, she is not releasing the amount of CO2 she should be. Due to all these things, would be expected that the pH may fall below 7.35 (acidic), with higher PCO2 levels, lower HCO3 levels. Low oxygen levels will also be expected from the hypotension. Ques琀椀on 5: (10 points) Liz, a computer programmer, was on a trip to Tanzania to do some volunteer work with her church. Several of her friends were going to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro (19,340’) to the 昀椀rst camp M琀椀 Mkubwa Camp at 9252’. On the way up the mountain, she all of a sudden started to feel lightheaded, sweaty, dizzy, and thought she felt palpita琀椀ons in her chest. When her friend touched her cheek to look into her eyes, her face twitched. 1. What happened to Liz? 2. Why did it happen to her? ANSWER: The rapid change in air pressure and oxygen levels due to the higher eleva琀椀on caused her to have al琀椀tude sickness. Her body may have responded by altering blood acidity levels, electrolyte levels, lung pressure, and 昀氀uid and salt balance. In addi琀椀on, the eleva琀椀on may have caused 昀氀uid to leak from blood vessels leading to a 昀氀uid buildup. Similarly, hemifacial spasms are o昀琀en caused by erra琀椀c blood vessels, interac琀椀ons. Lastly, progression includes karyotypic instability and malignant growth. He has lost weight and his muscles have wasted due in part to anemia caused by a lack of healthy red blood cells. Oxygen isn't carried e昀케ciently though the body, causing weakness and fa琀椀gue. In addi琀椀on, weight loss can be caused by an enlarged spleen which makes the e昀昀ected person feel full; it may also be caused by a hypermetabolism from cancer cells dividing rapidly and using up energy. Ques琀椀on 8: (10 points) Crohn’s disease involves