NR 507 Week 2 Edapt; Cardio & Hematologic Components; Key Points & Final Review

Hematologic A&P Components of Blood Components: blood plasma (46-63% of total blood volume): Composed mainly of water (91%). Also contains nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, organic waste products, and signaling molecules, such as hormones. The components of blood plasma also affect the osmotic pressure (the result of a difference in solute concentration between two fluids) formed elements of blood (37-54% of the total blood volume): refers to the cells and cell fragments found suspended within the blood plasma - RBC, WBC, Platlets PLASMA PROTEINS Albumins - group of transport proteins produced by the liver that carry steroid hormones and fatty acids. In addition, they produce the colloid osmotic pressure of blood (which tends to 'pull' water into the circulation from the interstitial fluid). Albumins also act as a blood buffer, helping to keep the pH of blood stable. Fibrinogens - family of blood clotting proteins produced by the liver. Globulins are proteins produced in the liver and by B cell lymphocytes. Alpha and beta globulins transport fat-soluble vitamins, lipids, and iron. Gamma globulins, particularly the immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies) contribute to the immunological response of the body. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, increasing the rate at which the reactions take place. Blood plasma contains various enzymes, and transports them to their site of action. OTHER SOLUTES | Electrolytes, Nutrients, dissolved gases, organic waste SIGNALING MOLECULES | Hormones Formation of Blood Cells Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis: process by which the formed elements of blood develop. embryo within the yolk sac. As the fetal development continues, the blood forming elements move into the liver and spleen since bones have not yet formed. As bones calcify and the medullary cavity of bones form, the blood forming cells move in to form red bone marrow. After birth - blood cell formation takes place in red bone marrow, where stem cells undergo cell division (proliferation) and differentiate into cells that ultimately give rise to the formed elements of blood. Erythropoiesis: process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. In adults, new red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, base of the skull, and the proximal ends of the long bones. Stem Cell Stage - multipotent stem cells (hemocytoblasts) Myeloid stem cells Proerythroblast: the earliest distinguishable red blood cell precursor Basophilic erythroblasts Polychromatic erythroblasts Orthochromatic erythroblasts (meaning of the same color) Reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell Erythrocytes: mature retic’s RBC the most abundant cells in the blood: transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, which is critical for cellular metabolism and respiratory gas exchange. do not have a nucleus and are absent of most organelles, leaving space for large amounts of hemoglobin (Hb) Hemoglobin is a molecule consisting of a protein called globin, made up of four polypeptide chains, and an organic molecule, heme, with an iron at the center Carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells as bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) RED BLOOD