NR 507 Week 4 Edapt Practice Questions; Urinary, Renal System

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury? Intrinsic kidney damage Obstruction in the urinary tract Decreased renal perfusion Nephrotoxic drugs Which of the following is NOT a common cause of intrarenal acute kidney injury? Acute tubular necrosis Pyelonephritis Dehydration Glomerulonephritis Postrenal acute kidney injury is primarily caused by: Renal artery stenosis Urinary obstruction Glomerular damage Nephrotoxicity How does a prerenal cause of AKI typically affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Decreases GFR Increases GFR No effect on GFR Fluctuates widely What is the characteristic clinical manifestation of oliguria? Increased urination Decreased urination Painful urination Frequent urination Elevated serum creatinine levels indicate: Normal kidney function Impaired kidney function Urinary infection Fluid overload Early recognition of AKI is crucial because: It prevents hypertension It improves fluid balance It can lead to early intervention and improved outcomes It reduces pain levels Which of the following is the most common cause of AKI in hospitalized patients? Postrenal injury Prerenal injury Extrarenal injury Intrarenal injury Chronic dehydration can lead to which type of AKI? Prerenal Intrarenal Postrenal All of the above What laboratory test is most sensitive for detecting AKI? Serum creatinine Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Urinary creatinine Urinalysis ### Renal Calculi The formation of renal calculi is primarily due to: Infection Turbulent blood flow Supersaturation of urine with certain substances Increased urine output Which factor most significantly contributes to the supersaturation of urine leading to stone formation? High fluid intake Hypercalcemia Low dietary sodium Vegan diet What type of stone is most commonly associated with a urinary tract infection? Calcium oxalate stones Uric acid stones Struvite stones Cystine stones Calcium oxalate stones form in urine that is: Alkaline Acidic Hypotonic Isotonic Uric acid stones are most likely to form in which condition? Gout Diabetes mellitus Cystic fibrosis Hypertension ### Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Staging Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is classified into stages based on: Serum creatinine levels Urinary albumin excretion Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Symptoms present Stage 1 CKD is defined by an eGFR of: Greater than 90 mL/min 60-89 mL/min 30-59 mL/min Less than 15 mL/min At what stage of CKD should a patient be referred to a nephrologist? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 and 5 Clinical implications of Stage 2 CKD include: Need for dialysis Monitoring kidney function and risk factors Immediate kidney transplant No clinical implications What is a common complication of advanced CKD? Hypoglycemia Hypertension Constipation Asthma ### Complications of CKD Anemia in CKD is primarily due to: Decreased erythropoietin production Increased blood volume Iron overload High Vitamin B12 levels Mineral bone disorders in CKD arise mainly due to: Excess dietary phosphate Altered calcium and phosphate metabolism Increased parathyroid hormone secretion Both b and c Which condition is associated with renal osteodystrophy? Diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease Secondary hyperparathyroidism Hyperkalemia Patients with CKD are at increased risk for: Hypercalcemia Heart attacks Dehydration All of the above How does renal failure lead to anemia? Decreased erythropoietin levels Increased blood volume Increased