NR 283 Week 2 Quiz 1

Patho quiz 1 Definition of patho The study of illness in the human body. Explains changes in the body that alter homeostasis and cause the signs and symptoms of the disease. Know the words from Lingo activity Decreased O2 = hypoxia Originating outside the body = exogenous Substitution of the one mature cell type with a different cell type = metaplasia Objective indicator of disease = sign Contagious condition = communical disease Disease caused by a treatment procedure = iatrogenic Condition resulting in atypical cervical cells = dysplasia Unknown cause = idiopathic Shoveling snow on a cold day (may cause heart problems) = precipitating factor Tissue enlargement due to increased cell size = hypertrophy Subjective response to illness = symptoms Condition with sudden onset and severe symptoms = acute Condition in which cells fail to develop specialized features = anaplasia A tumor = neoplasm Number of new cases of a disease = incidence Worsening of disease = exacerbation Death rate = mortality rate Tissue enlargement caused by an increase in cell number = hyperplasia Tissue death = necrosis Development of a disease = pathogenesis The study of the cause of a disease = pathophysiology A specific local change in tissue = lesion Condition that continues for a prolonged period of time = chronic Originating inside the body = endogenous Cell death due to lack of oxygen = inforction Secondary or new problems triggered by the initial problem = complication Time between exposure to microorganism and onset of signs & symptoms = incubation period Cause of a disease = ideology Number of people within a group that has a disease = morbidity New plus old cases of a specific disease within a specific population within a specific time = prevalence Inactivity or decrease hormonal tissue stimulation = atrophy Cellular adaptations words – atrophy, hypertrophy, etc. Cellular adaptation – the cell’s ability to change in response to internal (lack of utrients or oxygen and genetic variations) and external environmental (pollution, trauma, stress) threats. Adaptation – a protective mechanism allowing cells to survive their environments, even when conditions are not optimal. To maintain homeostasis, cells adapt to internal and environmental threats by changing in size, shape, or quantity. Atrophy A decrease in size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass Causes = reduced use, poor nutrition, decreased hormonal or neurological stimulation, aging EX: muscles get smaller and become weak when not used (after being in a cast) Hypertrophy An increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass Causes = overworking tissue, hormonal stimulation EX: increased in muscle size achieved by exercise Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass Causes = may be a compensatory mechanism or pathologic due to hormonal imbalance EX: occurs with hypertrophy during pregnancy to enlarge the uterus Metaplasia Replacement of a mature cell type with another cell type Causes = vitamin A deficit, adaptive mechanism to prolonged irritation EX: replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with squamous epithelium in