NR 283 Week 8 Comprehensive Final Exam Study Topics

NR283 Study Topics Spinal Cord Disorder: Dermatome Map Spinal cord injury complications Compression Fracture Autosomal Dominant Disorder Need gene from both parents Polycystic kidney disease Huntingtons Marfan syndrome Comminuted Fracture Bone broken into multiple pieces Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology Articular cartilage damaged; joint space narrowed; degenerative joint disease; excessive wear and tear of the joint; NOT a systemic disease Immobility complication DVT PRESSURE ULCERS MUSCLE ATROPHY OSTEOPOROSIS PNEUMONIA UTIs Sprain treatment Pulmonary embolus manifestation chest pain dyspnea restlessness anxiety tachycardia lightheaded/fainting swelling from DVT (because clot can travel from legs to lungs) hypoxia Pulmonary embolus prevention SUPPORT STOCKINGS BLOOD THINNERS ANTI-PLATELET MEDICATIONS STOP SMOKING ALTERNATIVE MEDICATION USE Chronic Bronchitis Manifestation FATIGUE DYSPNEA CYANOSIS COUGHING WHEEZING SHORTNESS OF BREATH CHEST DISCOMFORT Emphysema Pathophysiology In emphysema, the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs called alveoli are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. Emphysema is a long-term lung condition that causes shortness of breath. Asthma Manifestation, Pathophysiology Asthma is characterized by periodic, severe, but reversible, bronchial obstructive episodes. BRONCHI AFFECTED DIFFICULTY BREATHING (DYSPNEA) WHEEZING COUGH EXCESS MUCUS PRODUCTION FATIGUE Anemia General Manifestation FATIGUE LOSS OF SKIN COLOR COLD DIZZY SHORTNESS OF BREATH CHEST PAIN Erythropoietin Sickle Cell Crises Pathophysiology Sickle cell crisis refers to the sudden onset of intense symptoms in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic blood disorder. In SCD, red blood cells (RBCs) are abnormally shaped like a crescent or "sickle," which causes a variety of problems when these cells block blood flow and break down prematurely. Pneumonia: Manifestations Pneumonia attacks alveoli Fever Confusion LOSS OF ENERGY AND APPETITE MALAISE (NOT FEELING WELL) COUGH SHORTNESS OF BREATH SHARP PAIN AT THE SITE OF INFLAMMATION Impaired Gas Exchange Causes Many different things can impact gas exchange. Here are just a few to consider: not enough oxygen in the environment (suffocation) too much carbon dioxide in the environment (carbon dioxide poisoning) partial or full blockage between the mouth and the alveoli (choking) blockage of gas exchange by another substance or chemical (drowning, infection) not enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen (anemia) blood clots in the capillaries or veins (pulmonary emboli) difficulty exhaling because of trapped air (asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) muscles used to breathe are too weak (spinal cord injury, myasthenia gravis) Process of Gas Exchange Breathe in O2/ out CO2 O2 rich blood transported to cells Gases exchanged O2 enter and CO2 Leaves cells CO2 Rich blood transported to the lungs Hemoglobin A1C Diabetes Type 1: Pathophysiology Autoimmune DISORDER Glucose Regulation: Chronic Complications Hypoglycemia Manifestations “TIRED” T ACHYCARDIA/ TREMORS IRRITABLITY RESTLESSNESS EXCESSIVE HUNGER DIAPHORISIS Poor coordination , loss of concioussness, seizure, coma, death Diabetes Type 2: Pathophysiology Lifestyle, environment, obesity (not enough insulin, insulin resistance) most common In adults DKA Manifestation Dehydration, poor skin tugor Electrolyte imbalance( nausea , lethargy, Abdominal cramping, muscle weakness) Metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia Loss of concioussness Seizures Coma Diabetes Insipidus Manifestation Diabetes Insipidus Low ADH