NR 283 Week 7 Quiz 5; Chapter 16

NR283 Quiz 5 Pneumonia an infection of the alveoli in the lungs causes an increase in fluid or exudate in the lungs this prevents the transfer of oxygen to capillaries & movement of CO2 into alveoli may developed from fungus, bacteria, and virus viral: SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19), influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVS) bacterial: streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella fungal: pneumocystis pneumonia, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), histoplasmosis parasitic: ascaris, toxoplasmosis empiric treatment – treat the most likely cause and adapt based on client’s response or new information “is predicted and the treatment is based on what is suspected” Bacterial pneumonia Bacteria grow and reproduce in warm moist places like in the lungs Bacteria grow outside cells Types: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) Widespread; from people interacting in community Cause: bacteria called streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common People at risk: immunocompromised including the elderly, children, and those with chronic illnesses Ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) common in those who require mechanical ventilation clients who might temporarily require assistance to breathe or people with chronic conditions dependent upon a ventilator cause: bacterial called pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae people at risk: critically ill on mechanical ventilation Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) AKA: nosocomial pneumonia found in clients who acquired pneumonia while being in the hospital Cause: bacteria called staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) People at risk: hospitalized clients Aspiration pneumonia Cause: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria found in oral pharynx Occurs when when food gets caught in the lung due to dysphagia People at risk: clients experiencing dysphagia due to stroke, neurological disease, or facial trauma Viral pneumonia Occurs when viruses take over cells in the body and make them their own Treatment can include: potential anti-viral medications and supportive therapy Supportive therapy is used to minimize the amount of damage and symptoms experienced Cause: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID), influenza (several strains of the flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Signs and symptoms Viral pneumonia Symptoms muscle aches headache nausea and vomiting dry cough weakness Fungal pneumonia Symptoms Night sweats Rash Symptoms in general cough (usually productive with a discolored sputum) shortness of breath sharp pain at the site of inflammation (chest or side) fever chills loss of energy or appetite not feeling well (malaise) signs in general decreased oxygen saturation fever increased pulse rate increased blood pressure abnormal chest x-ray abnormal lung sounds lymph node enlargement Testing for pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia culture and sensitivity test obtaining samples of the affected area in the alveoli and growing these samples in a petri dish to determine the cause Collection includes sputum samples or collected fluid from a bronchoscopy test Antibiotics are then tested on these samples to determine the best treatment Viral pneumonia blood testing may be used tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests look for specific genetic material to determine if it matches a known virus fungal pneumonia Blood testing to measure immunoglobin M and G (IgM and IgG) levels infections are difficult to treat and may