NURS 6501 Week 6 (Module 4) Midterm Review

*Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?  Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Explain tissue damage in acute rejection after organ transplant. * A pt asks the provider why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection  Th 1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages and cytokines t cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue Free radicals cause cell damage; how? * Giving up an electron, which causes the injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane * Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which DZ?  Cardiovascular DZ such as HTN and Ischemic heart DZ *Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury  Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals Function of tumor cell marker? * to screen individuals at high risk for cancer * What are tumor cell markers?  hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle? * Expressivity Platelet-derived growth factor produces which cells? * The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells  Platelets Process of natural killer (NK) cells, what do they actively attack? * Tumor cells or virally infected cells * Recognizing virus-infected cells * Eliminating virus-infected cells * Eliminating previously identified cancer cells *What cell is capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization?  NK cells Purpose of vaccination? Why are some given injection vs orally? * Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity * Vaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the?  Level of protection provided by IgG (IgM appears first after infection) Genetic cause of intellectual disability? * Fragile X Syndrome Child who is inattentive, have poor grades, with bad behaviors, exposure. * Lead Poisoning During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur? * Sodium chloride enters the cell *Wrong answer  adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) driven pump is stronger during hypoxia * In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because  ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell * During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because  The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels Inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? * Decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation Most common cause of cellular injury?  Hypoxic injury Blood type of a heterozygous person, having A and B alleles as codominant  AB Apoptosis?  normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?  immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it Two-thirds of the body’s water is found? 