NURS 6501 Week 9 Assignment; MindMap - Depression

Depression: Also known as major depressive Pathophysiology: The pathophysiology of 2 disorder, depression is a serious mood Etiology: The etiology of disorder that negatively affects how one feels, depression involves an interplay of genetic depression involves an interplay of predispositions, neurobiological changes, and biological, psychological, and thinks, and behaves and is characterized by environmental stressors. Imbalances in brain environmental/social factors. From persistent feelings of hopelessness, sadness, chemistry and in particular neurotransmitters such as a biological point of view, and the loss of pleasure in activities (Marx et serotonin (low) , norepinephrine (low), and depression can occur as a result of al., 2023). dopamine (low) undermine mood regulation, disturbances in neurotransmitters, therefore, leading to depression (Cui et al., 2024). hormonal imbalances, and even Also, chronic stress can lead to the over-activation of medical illnesses. On the other Risk Factors: hand, psychological issues include the HPA axis which leads to an increased production low self-esteem and pessimistic • Genetic predisposition of cortisol that eventually reduce neuro-genesis; • A family history of depression and other personality, and exposure to trauma leading to the shrinking of the brain regions that or stressful life events. Lack of mood disorders regulate mood. It is also important to note that the social support as well as drug abuse • Neurobiological disorders such as stroke reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor can also lead to depression (Cui et • History of trauma or abuse (BDNF) features predominantly in the al., 2024). • Drug and substance abuse pathophysiology of depression (Cui et al., 2024). • Stressful life events • Cognitive distortions (Cui et al., 2024) • Poor coping mechanisms Impacts on Other Body Systems • Early childhood adversities Signs and symptoms: -Nervous system: Poor concentration, • Hormonal dsy-regulation or imbalances Emotional: Sadness, hopelessness, guilt, loss of insomnia, memory loss (Cui et al., interest 2024) Cognitive: Trouble concentrating, negative -Cardiovascular system: Increased thoughts, suicidal ideation risk of hypertension and heart disease Physical: Fatigue, sleep/appetite changes, aches (Prigge et al., 2022) Diagnostics -Digestive system: GI issues and -Psychiatric interview Treatments: Treatment for depression involves both pscyho-pharmacological changes in appetite -DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria (at least 5 interventions and psychotherapy. Pharmacological interventions involve the use of -Endocrine system: Increased risk of symptoms present during the same 2-week antidepressants. Depending on the severity, the following antidepressant classes can diabetes and other forms of hormonal period; one symptom must be either be considered; disturbances such as cortisol (Prigge depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure) SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) (first line treatments) et al., 2022). (Cui et al., 2024) SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) Complications -Screening tools such as PHQ-9 and BDI Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) -Suicide and self-harm among others MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) Atypical Antidepressants (Marx et al., 2023) -Drug and substance abuse -Lab tests to rule out other causes such as Psychotherapeutic interventions include hormonal imbalances including thyroid Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) disorders. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Psychodynamic Therapy Behavioral Activation (Marx et al., 2023) Referrals: Psychiatrist and Psychotherapist Emergency/Crisis Services in the event of immediate