NURS 6501 Week 9 Assignment; MindMap - Bipolar

lOMoARcPSD|1709022 2 Bipolar Concept Map Primary Diagnosis: Bipolar Disorder 1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis? Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder where the patients experience extreme energy shifts from highs (Bipolar one) or extreme lows (Bipolar two). The pathophysiology relates to imbalanced neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine though it is not clear exactly what the relationship is. Causes Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical) Genetics: The gene called catechol-O- • Higher incident rates in those with a methyltransferase (COMT) controls the first- degree relative with bipolar metabolite of dopamine and is associated with disorder. (Miclowitz & Johnson, 2006). BD (Milowitz & Johnson, 2002). A first • Periods of high stress such as the death of degree relative with BD places incidence rates a loved one or other traumatic event at two to three times more likely (McCrance (Miclowitz & Johnson, 2006). & Huether, 2019). • Drug or alcohol abuse Neurotranmitters- serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine imbalance affecting the metabolite bi-product of dopamine in the pre- frontal cortex appears to be what leads to the mood dysregulation (McIntyre & Calabrese lOMoARcPSD|1709022 4 include smoking and this could effect the lungs (Muneer, 2016) Reproductive system- patients with bipolar two often take part in risky behavior such as sexual promiscuity leading to the contraction of STIs or unwanted pregnancy. bipolar one patients may have no sexual drive at all (Muneer, 2016). 3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)? Bipolar is often confused with the following: • Major depressive disorder • Borderline personality disorder • Attention deficit disorder • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder • Narcissistic personality disorder • Schizophrenia • Anxiety disorders • Substance abuse disorder (McIntyre & Calabrese, 2019). 4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis? There is no official diagnostic lab or test available for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Rule- out testing could include: lOMoARcPSD|1709022 6 References McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier McIntyre, R. S. & Calabrese, J. R. (2019). Bipolar depression: The clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 1–14. http://doi:10.1080/03007995.2019.1636017 Miklowitz, D. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2006). The psychopathology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Annual review of clinical psychology, 2, 199–235. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095332 Muneer, A. (2016). The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: An integrated approach. Chonnam medical journal, 52(1), 18-37. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.18 Nierenberg, A. A., Agustini, B., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Cusin, C., Katz, D., Sylvia, L. G., Peters, A., & Berk, M. (2023). Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder. JAMA, 330(14), 1370. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.18588