NURS 6501 Week 7 Assignment; MindMap - Parkinson s Disease.

Definition Risk Factors • Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive Parkinson’s • Age: Primarily affects individuals over 60. neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of • o Genetic Predisposition: Family history and dopamine producing neurons in the brain, which Disease genetic mutations (e.g., LRRK2 are primarily responsible for movement control mutation). (Vázquez- Vélez & Zoghbi, 2021). • o Gender: Men are more likely to develop PD Etiology than women. • Causing a loss of dopamine‐producing • o Environmental Toxins: Pesticide exposure. Common Signs and Symptoms Pathophysiology • o Head injury: Previous head trauma can be • Resting tremor usually beginning neurons in the substantia nigra and • Loss of dopamine basal ganglia, leading to impairment of a risk factor for developing PD in one hand. producing cells in the (Vázquez- Vélez & Zoghbi, 2021). • Slowness of movement, difficulty motor control and coordination. initiating movement. substantia nigra results • Muscle stiffness and resistance in a decreased amount to passive movement. of dopamine in the brain, compromising the Complications Patient & Family Education Causative Factors • Difficulty maintaining basal ganglia's function • Periods of “stuck feet” during • Stress the significance of taking • Genetic mutations such as balance, resulting in falls in controlling movement walking. medicine on time to keep LRRK2 and SNCA, occurring frequently. • Loss of dopamine leads • Postural instability and symptoms under control. • Pesticides and herbicide • Memory loss, trouble imbalance. • Partake in regular physical concentrating, and an overall to an imbalance with environmental exposure may acetylcholine, resulting • Uncontrollable, involuntary activity. also factor in. decline in cognitive in rigidity, bradykinesia, movement. • Taking a balanced diet to help function. • Progressive dementia. manage weight and prevent • Additional risk factors • Depression, anxiety. and tremors (Morris et include head trauma and age al., 2024). • Depression and Anxiety: constipation. • Insomnia, frequent waking. Autonomic. • Connecting with support groups related degeneration(Foltynie • Constipation, urinary urgency • Abnormal aggregations of protein • Constipation, orthostatic can help provide emotional et al., 2024). (Morris et al., 2024). that build up within hypotension, and support. nerve cells, where they sexual dysfunction. • Recommend home can contribute to modifications. neuronal damage. Medical Treatment • levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet) Labs & Diagnostic Tests • Dopamine Agonists (e.g., Ropinirole, Pramipexole • Dopamine transporter scan (DAT Scan) for visualization of dopaminergic activity in the brain. • MAO-B Inhibitors (e.g., Rasagiline): Inhibit the breakdown of dopamine. • • COMT Inhibitors (e.g., Entacapone To rule out other neurological conditions an MRI or CT scan may be ordered. • • To rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as metabolic disorders or Amantadine: Reduces motor symptoms and dyskinesia. • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Pallidotomy and thalamotomy: infections, blood tests may be performed. • Physical and Occupational Therapy. • Speech Therapy (Foltynie et al., 2024).